Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism

Kayla Ferry Political Science 150 Dr. Byron October 5, 2010 1) Neo-realism, also known as structural realism see international politics as a power struggle between states. Conflicts between states and security competition are due to a lack of â€Å"an overarching authority above states and the relative distribution of power in the international system† (Dunne 98). Scholar Kenneth Waltz defined the structure of the international system in three elements: organizing principle, differentiation of units, and distribution of capabilities.To structural realists the distribution of capabilities gives important insight to grasping international outcomes, and the relative distribution of power in the international system is the strategic variable to understanding such outcomes. Structural realists argue that the number of great powers that exists concludes the structure of the international system. Waltz describes the structure as the â€Å"ordering principle of the international syst em, which is anarchy and the distribution capabilities across units, which are states† (Dunne 127).Neo-realists also believe the structure of the international system shapes all foreign policy choices and see power as the collective competences of the states. In other words the more power a state has in the international system the more influence they have on world affairs. However the flaw that accompanies neo-realism, is the increase of the application of â€Å"self-help†, a. k. a. increase of military security. Neo-liberalist agrees largely with the views and beliefs of neo-realists, â€Å"the anarchic international structure, the centrality of states, and a rationalist approach to social scientific inquiry† (Dunne 115).The main difference between the two theories is neo-liberalist believe that anarchy does not mean the arrangements of cooperation are impossible. International regimes are the implementer for cooperation. Arguments made by neo-liberalists belie ve that academic inquiry is guided by a commitment to a scientific approach to theory building. In other words, personal beliefs and views cannot alter hypothesis made towards international politics. A separation of fact and values is the only way to insure an accurate theory. According the neo-liberalist, â€Å"the post-1945 orld order has been successful and durable because US hegemony has been of a liberal character† (Dunne 117). The downside of the hegemonic power is it has produced unequal gains for the West and the rest of the world. It is unresponsive to the needs of weaker states and people, which is seen with how the hegemonic power flexes its authority by the controlling of institutions, markets and resources. In contemporary international system, the application of the neo-liberal theory is apparent throughout foreign policy.Even in President Bush’s speech on the after math of 9/11. 2) Although neo-realism and neo-liberalism theories both agree that the inte rnational system is anarchic, they differ on all other accounts. Neo-realists believe that anarchy puts more constraints on foreign policy. Neo-realists also argue that neo-liberals overlook the importance of relative gains, and the most important goal of states in cooperation with each other is to prevent others from gaining more.With neo-realism, advocates believe that in the international system, anarchy forces states to be more concerned with relative power, security and survival. According to neo-realists, capabilities of states are a necessity for the security and independence of a state, and by not knowing another states intentions or interests forces other states to focus on their capabilities. In regards to institutions and regimes, neo-liberals â€Å"claim that they facilitate cooperation, and neo-realists say that they do not mitigate the constraining effects of anarchy on cooperation† (Dunne 133).The neo-neo debate goes back and forth and many other topics, only b ecause they study different worlds of international politics. Globalization has raised even more concerns for neo-realists, largely because they are more cautious about cooperation and see the world and its politics as very competitive. It is clear, in my opinion that neo-liberalism is by far the better theory. It allows the more powerful states to boost their economy, increase a state’s gains and gives states more influence on foreign policy. 3) Marxism gives a different view of world politics.Marxists believe that the world should be studied as a whole, and that the process of historical change is an effect of the economic development of the society. It is a different view of the world politics since it focuses more on economies of key states. Constructivists believe that the world is socially constructed, allowing them to investigate global change and transformation. This provides constructivists to use diffusion, which concerns how â€Å"particular models, practices, nor ms, strategies, or beliefs spread within a population† (Dunne 168).Institutional isomorphism (an issue that is observed by conservatisms, sees that the organizations that contain similar environments will eventually resemble each other), and internalization of norms (the belief that what is considered normal for a society, does not come out of nowhere but evolves through a political process), raise issues of an increasing homogeneity in world politics, a closer international community and socialization process. These different theories provide a different grasp and insight on world politics, allowing the liberalism theory to be better molded and applied to a larger area of the international system.

Marriages are Made in Heaven

Wearing the school uniform, Yu arrived at the food shop operated by her parents in Taichung. â€Å"Mom,† said Yu, â€Å"Give me a sandwich for lunch†¦ quick please! I'm going to be late.† â€Å"So why didn't you have your lunch in school? You won't be late if you did do so†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The mother mumbled. â€Å"I'm sorry.† Yu dared not to argue with her mother. After fetching the sandwich, she had to rush to school in a hurry. She's only young once. That year she was a seventeen-year-old girl in Taiwan. That was a sunny day. When Yu was on her way home, she saw a group of people filming movie in the street. â€Å"Action!† A man with sun-glasses shouted. Driven by curiosity, Yu stood aside and watched. Suddenly a man came into her sight— he was ordinary and was about twenty something years old. He sat on the stairs nearby for taking a rest. Yu noticed that he hurt his leg. He was bleeding! Being always kind-hearted, she went in front of the man, gave him a tissue paper and then asked him softly, â€Å"Are you alright?† â€Å"Thanks,† The man nodded and smiled, â€Å"I'm fine. It doesn't matter.† It was about half past six already. Yu could not go back home too late or else she would be punished, â€Å"I need to go now†¦ bye!† â€Å"Bye,† the man responded. â€Å"What a lovely girl!† he thought. It had been one week since the day Yu met the man. From that day onward, Yu went and watched the movie filming after school everyday. She did enjoy watching it. But, somehow she found that chatting with that man named Paul was indeed much more fun. â€Å"Yu, why are you so late again?† mother asked. â€Å"Sorry mom,† Yu answered, â€Å"I have so many things to do in school these days.† Yu returned to her bedroom, writing her diary: â€Å"Watching the movie filming after school has become part of my daily life! Paul is so humorous! He told me lots of things today. Surprisingly, he was born in a poor family in Hong Kong; this made him not to have the chance of studying in secondary school. Therefore, he started working when he was just about 14 years old. With relative low educational level but has a great knowledge in Chinese kung fu, he applied for the movie stunt man†¦ Well I think Paul's life is extra-ordinary. By the way, he got much better now. I mean the new cut on his hand has healed up already! Thanks God! Besides, he†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul gave a bunch of red roses to Yu. â€Å"Happy birthday!† he said. Yu was glad, â€Å"thank you so much! This is my first time receiving flowers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yu,† Paul felt a bit embarrassed, â€Å"Could I†¦ have dinner with you tonight?† â€Å"Sure!† Yu answered, â€Å"But let me go home and get dressed first.† â€Å"Okay. I will wait for you in front of the Good Luck Restaurant. See you!† Paul said. Yu was really excited. Paul always gave her a surprise. He was great. So far, he was the only one who would give her such special feelings. â€Å"Mom,† Yu said, â€Å"I need to go out for dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"With whom?† mother wondered, â€Å"And why? We have prepared something to celebrate your birthday already†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"With my friends†¦ I mean my classmates. They have booked a table in the restaurant to celebrate with me, that's why I couldn't refuse them. I promise you, I will go back home before ten o'clock and then celebrate with you again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu went out of her bedroom. She was already dressed and prepared to go out, â€Å"I need to go now. Bye mom!† She went out quickly, leaving her mother looking at the bunch of roses questioningly, â€Å"What's going on with my daughter?† Paul and Yu were sitting at the table near the windows of the Good Luck Restaurant. â€Å"Yu, do you know†¦ it has been thirty-three days since I first met you.† Paul said. â€Å"Oh you still remember?† Yu was delighted. â€Å"Yes I do. I remember†¦ every moment being with you†¦ always.† They smiled, looking at each other. After that Paul abased his head, â€Å"actually, the movie filming is going to finish within these few days.† â€Å"Oh†¦ where will you go then?† Yu was nervous. â€Å"I will go back to Hong Kong†¦ I may not see you in the near future. Therefore, I want to tell you something important before I leave†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul said it seriously, â€Å"Yu, I don't want to be your friend†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What?† Yu didn't understand. Paul fixed his eyes on Yu, â€Å"I mean, I want to be your boyfriend!† â€Å"Boy†¦ boyfriend?† â€Å"Yes. Because I love you†¦ truly love you that I c an no longer treat you as my ordinary friend!† Time was still. It seemed that they were the only two people in the whole world†¦ Yu had got into a big trouble. Those days without Paul were lengthy and lonely. Every time when she thought of the time being with Paul, every time when she thought of the words Paul told her on her birthday, every time when she thought of the promise made by Paul†¦ it was really a kind of torture! Nothing would be sadder than two people who love each other so much being separated. Paul had gone for nearly a year already. In these days, Yu could only communicate with him by writing letters. If it was possible, Yu would phone him. They missed each other a lot and their love never stopped growing. Sometimes, when Yu was in a weak moment, she wondered if the relationship between her and Paul could keep long. Paul was in Hong Kong whereas she was in Taiwan. She promised him she would write many many letters to him, but was it enough to maintain their love? Would their love be a â€Å"soon got, soon gone† one? He promised her he would marry her when he got enough money, but was it a joke? Would it be fulfilled? Hardly could Yu see her future through a mist. Anyway she would wait for Paul. Yu's mother noticed her daughter's suspicious acts, having checked her daughter's diary and letters, she knew that her daughter had fallen in love with a guy called â€Å"Paul†. She started questioning and arguing with Yu, â€Å"tell me!† she shouted at Yu, â€Å"who is Paul? You think that I know nothing else right?† Yu was angry too, â€Å"I want to ask you too! Why did you read my diary and letters without asking me? You never respect me!† Yu cried, â€Å"I don't understand why you never give me the freedom to do what I want to do!† Mother bemused. Never could she think that her daughter would talk to her in this way. The â€Å"cold war† between Yu and her mother thus broke out. They stopped talking to each other for nearly half month. Yu's father, who was always a clam but a mind reader, understood everything clearly and tried to do something rebuilding the relationship between Yu and her mother. â€Å"Yu,† father told her, â€Å"you should tell your mother what you feel. And, if it can be done, introduce that guy to your mom.† Yu was worried, â€Å"Paul will come to Taiwan again next week. He said, he's going to marry me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And do you wish to? Are you sure? Marry in haste, and repent at leisure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu's father was shocked, but he kept calm. â€Å"I did think about it deeply before.† Yu said, â€Å"Marriage is a lottery. Once you meet your Mr. Right, you should not give him up. I truly know what I am doing, what I am looking for.† â€Å"So bring him here,† Father promised, â€Å"I will always support you.† A tense atmosphere. Sitting on the sofa, mother stared at Paul. â€Å"Yu told me that†¦ you are a movie stunt man?† â€Å"Yes auntie† Paul answered politely. â€Å"Maintaining a family is not easy. It is the responsibility for a man to take good care of his family†¦ provide all the best for his family†¦ you know what I mean?† â€Å"I have stable salaries. And, I live in a flat in Hong Kong with my mom†¦ though it's not very big. I have the ability to take good care of my family— I'm sure, though I'm not rich†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Paul stressed. â€Å"So have you studied in any university†¦ or any secondary school?† Mother was being so mean. â€Å"No,† Paul replied, â€Å"but I don't think that it's a big problem— at least, I can earn a living now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Fine. Do you think that Yu can accommodate herself to a strange place? If she goes to Hong Kong with you†¦ I will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yu's mother couldn't control her emotio n. She was in tears. â€Å"Mom,† Yu also melt into tears, â€Å"I know you love me so much†¦ But the point is, I don't want to marry a person that I know that I can live with; I only want to marry someone that I cannot live without!† In silence. Yu's father touched her wife on the shoulder, â€Å"let her go†¦ she has the right to choose.† In the wedding ceremony, the bridegroom and the bridge were a good match. â€Å"Yu,† Paul said, â€Å"I will make a good match for you.† Yu smiled, â€Å"later, I can prove to my dad and mom that, I had made a good match too.† This is the end of this story. However, it is just a new start between Paul and Yu. Their own story will continue, until the end of their lives.

Public sector finance and control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Week 7 lab on human bones Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Week 7 on human bones - Lab Report Example elatively harder to locate and palpate, easier in subject 1, feels as the most prominent cervical spinous process, differentiated from C6 by its movement upon extension of the head (Sinnatamby 450). Curves of the spine: easy to locate and palpate in children and in subject 1, with the subject standing erect. Just following the spine would reveal its curves in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, the last two regions being harder to locate and palpate both in subject 1 and 2 (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell 83). Several ribs: the upper ribs are easier to locate in subject 1 than in subject 2, and overall easier to locate in lean people. They feel as bony arches alternating with shallow depressions (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell 147). Posterior to anterior palpation of ribs: relatively difficult to palpate individual ribs posteriorly than anteriorly. Easier in subject 1. Start from the sides of the thorax and palpate along the arches till the body of the sternum (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell 143). The 12th rib: relatively hard to locate. First locate the xiphoid process which is hard to palpate itself, then move along the edge to the hanging ribs. Tender in children. Much easier to locate in subject 1 ((Sinnatamby 187). Body of the sternum: easy to locate, especially in children and in subject 1. Felt as a flat bone in the center of the chest or thorax. Ends suddenly in a dip, which is the xiphoid process (Sinnatamby 226). Xiphoid process: relatively hard to locate and palpate. Easier in children and in subject 1. Felt as a sudden dip at the end of the body of sternum. Once located, it is easier to palpate the hanging ribs (Sinnatamby 226). The sacrum: relatively harder to locate, but easy to palpate. Easier in children and in subject 1, and with the subject sitting, feels as a continuation of bony spines running along the entire length of the bone caudally from the spine midway between the two PSISs (Drake, Vogl, and Mitchell

Na Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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Biology of Androgens and Estrogens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Hearts of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hearts of Darkness - Essay Example The novel ‘heart of darkness’, 1889, by Joseph Conrad documents the attitudes on racism and colonialism characterized by the European imperialism. The novel documents document the story of a European named Kurtz who explored the Congo and managed to establish himself as a god. The novel got adapted by Francis Ford Coppola into a film ‘apocalypse now’, 1979, which goes further to examine the imperialist effects on the victims and perpetrators. Unlike the novel, the movie gets set in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. A look at both the film and novel reveals just how imperialism had a profound effect on both the perpetrators and victims. Both the film and movie set out on a journey to find out just how the imperialist wars transformed the perpetrators. They reveal the madness that imperial action had on both the victims and the perpetrator. In ‘apocalypse now’, the story gets based upon Conrad’s novel but instead of focusing on the Congo, the film focuses on the unexplainable venture of America into Vietnam. Colonel Willard sets out with a crew on a United States Army patrol boat in search of Colonel Kurtz, regarded as one of the army’s most decorated soldier and has instilled his control deep within enemy territory (Coppola). At the end of both the film and the movie, the viewer or reader gets to witness just how the war transformed the character named Kurtz. The end of the film and novel reveal just what has become of Kurtz and his thought process. It becomes clear that the war transformed the European idealism of imperialism in Africa and the American idealism in the film. A clear impact of imperialism in both the film and novel can get witnessed on the character named Kurtz. In the novel, Kurtz has managed to slip deep into enemy territory to the farthest reaches of the Congo. There, he has established himself as a